Inversores integrados monofásicos aplicados em sistemas fotovoltaicos com conexão à rede de distribuição de energia elétrica

Este trabalho consiste no desenvolvimento e avaliação de conversores eletrônicos de potência para utilização de painéis fotovoltaicos, com conexão à rede de distribuição de energia elétrica em corrente alternada. No cenário de gerações fotovoltaicas as filosofias iniciais, as quais consistiam na instalação de grandes Arrays (associações série e paralelo) de painéis solares utilizando um único conversor centralizado, cariam em desuso devido à baixa eficiência e à impossibilidade de operar todos os painéis simultaneamente no ponto de máxima potência (MPP). Ao mesmo tempo, esta estratégia não permitia a instalação gradativa de painéis exigindo um alto investimento inicial. Estes são alguns dos motivos que levam a pesquisas mais recentes com conversor dedicado ao painel, que possa até ser integrado e comercializado como um único equipamento, denominado de Módulo CA fotovoltaico. Estes módulos seriam painéis fotovoltaicos prontos para a conexão à rede, com conversor que explore melhor o MPP, permitindo a modularidade, a confiabilidade e a facilidade da instalação. Por segurança, o conversor também precisa se desconectar da rede automaticamente na presença de falhas, para evitar a ocorrência do fenômeno conhecido como ilhamento. A dificuldade de construção destes módulos CA se concentra fundamentalmente do desenvolvimento do conversor de eletrônica de potência, também denominado de microinversor, por trabalhar em potências de até 300 W, compatível com a potência máxima de painéis fotovoltaicos comerciais. Para atender a esta aplicação, o conversor requer diversas características, entre as principais estão: baixo custo, alto rendimento e, especialmente, vida útil compatível com a do painel. Neste contexto, este trabalho utiliza conversores com integração de estágios...This work aims the development and evaluation of power electronic converters to be used with photovoltaic (PV) modules connected to the alternating current electric energy distribution grid. In the scenario of photovoltaic generation, the initial philosophies, which were based on large PV solar arrays using a centralized converter, has became unused due to the low efficiency and the impossibility to operate all panels simultaneously on the maximum power point (MPP). At the same time, it is not possible the gradual installation of PV modules and is mandatory a high initial investment. These are some reasons that leaded more recent researches of panel dedicated converter, which could be embedded and sold as a single equipment, called photovoltaic AC module. These modules are PV panels ready for grid connection, with a converter that works at the MPP for each panel. This allows modularity, reliability and ease of installation. For safety reasons, the converter also has to disconnect from the grid automatically once a grid failure is detected, to avoid the phenomenon known as islanding. The construction of these modules is fundamentally a problem for power electronic converter development. This converter is also called micro-inverter due to the nominal power up to 300 W, compatible with commercially available PV panels. The converter needs several features to achieve this application, among them: low cost, high efficiency and, especially, lifetime compatible with the panels. In this context, this work uses converters with integration of stages (DC + AC), aiming to achieve the main requirements needed to turn them into a feasible alternative to the presented application. The main contribution of this work is a novel control strategy which is not found in the literature, which allows independent input-output... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Integrated single-stage converters with Tri-state modulation suitable for photovoltaic systems

The aim of this work is to present two topological simplified converters named Tri-state Boost and Tri-state Buck-Boost integrated single-phase inverters. An important operation capability can be achieved for these converters using a Tri-state Modulation control scheme. This is the inductive power decoupling and the independent input output control. These features are directly related with the photovoltaic micro-converter needs, improving efficiency, cost and mainly lifetime. These features for the proposed modulation are confirmed through experimental results. © 2011 IEEE

Genetic Algorithm-Based Commutation Angle Control for Torque Ripple Mitigation in Switched Reluctance Motor Drives

This work addresses the application of the Genetic Algorithm (GA) technique to optimize the commutation angles of a 2 kW 8/6 switched reluctance machine (SRM). The primary goal is to reduce the well-known drawback of SRMs: the torque ripple. Firstly, the machine was modeled in Matlab /Simulink Ⓡ using lookup tables obtained via finite element method (FEM) simulations. Subsequently, the model was used to perform the GA routine aiming to find the optimal phase commutation angles that minimize the torque ripple factor. Notably, the torque performance of the SRM was significantly affected by the commutation angles during the search for the optimal solution. Afterwards, the GA results for four different operation points were verified experimentally through a developed drive platform with digital signal processor-based (DSP) control and an asymmetric bridge converter. As showed by the experiments, the proposed approach was suitable to reduce the torque ripple by more than 50% for one of the evaluated operating points. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the torque ripple mitigation led to acoustic noise improvement

Elaboration of Energy Balance: A Model for the Brazilian States

The energy balance constitutes a powerful management instrument for government agencies, as it offers an overview of the energy situation of the country (or region) and serves as a guide for energy policies and monitoring of these policies. Although Brazil has published the national energy balance for more than half a century, the national publication does not adequately address energy statistics at the level of the states. This occurs either due to the lack of specific data or the absence of total disaggregation. Accordingly, the elaboration and implementation of public policies for the energy sector in the Brazilian states lack consistent energy statistics. Therefore, this paper aims to present a model for the Brazilian states to elaborate the energy balance. The proposed model consists of applying internationally referenced methodologies to develop a user-friendly software, which includes automatic energy unit conversions, different chart styles, high-level data organization, and Sankey diagrams. As a result, the software can be adopted by local governments as a tool to maintain the state energy balance publication periodically, and hence obtain the detailed information necessary to manage and formulate energy policies. The advantage of the software is that it can be operated by non-experts and the energy flow as well as the entire report can be generated automatically. The proposed software was successfully used to generate the energy balance of the Mato Grosso do Sul state

Controle ótimo H∞ de sistemas não-lineares com modelos fuzzy takagi-sugeno

Neste trabalho é proposta uma metodologia de rastreamento de sinais e rejeição de distúrbios aplicada a sistemas não-lineares. Para o projeto do sistema de rastreamento, projeta-se os controladores fuzzy M(a) e N(a) que minimizam o limitante superior da norma H∞ entre o sinal de referência r(t) e o sinal de erro de rastreamento e(t), sendo e(t) a diferença entre a entrada de referência e a saída do sistema z(t). No método de rejeição de distúrbio utiliza-se a realimentação dinâmica da saída através de um controlador fuzzy Kc(a) que minimiza o limitante superior da norma H∞ entre o sinal de entrada exógena w(t) e o sinal de saída z(t). O procedimento de projeto proposto considera as não-linearidades da planta através dos modelos fuzzy Takagi-Sugeno. Os métodos são equacionados utilizando-se inequações matriciais lineares (LMIs), que quando factíveis, podem ser facilmente solucionados por algoritmos de convergência polinomial. Por fim, um exemplo ilustra a viabilidade da metodologia proposta.A design method for tracking system with disturbance rejection applied to nonlinear systems using fuzzy control is proposed in this paper. Fuzzy feedforward controllers M(a) and N(a) are designed in order to obtain the tracking system. These controllers minimize the H∞-norm from the reference input signal r(t) to the tracking error signal e(t), where the tracking error signal is the difference between the reference input signal r(t) and the output signal z(t). A dynamic feedback fuzzy controller Kc(a) is designed in order to minimize the H∞-norm from the disturbance input w(t) to the output z(t). The designs are formulated in Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) framework, such that the optimal solutions of the stated control problems are obtained. Simulation of a practical problem illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed method

Evaluation of the main MPPT techniques for photovoltaic applications

This paper presents evaluations among the most usual maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques, doing meaningful comparisons with respect to the amount of energy extracted from the photovoltaic (PV) panel [tracking factor (TF)] in relation to the available power, PV voltage ripple, dynamic response, and use of sensors. Using MatLab/Simulink and dSPACE platforms, a digitally controlled boost dc-dc converter was implemented and connected to an Agilent Solar Array E4350B simulator in order to verify the analytical procedures. The main experimental results are presented for conventional MPPT algorithms and improved MPPT algorithms named IC based on proportional-integral (PI) and perturb and observe based on PI. Moreover, the dynamic response and the TF are also evaluated using a user-friendly interface, which is capable of online program power profiles and computes the TF. Finally, a typical daily insulation is used in order to verify the experimental results for the main PV MPPT methods. © 2012 IEEE

Modeling approach based on experimental results for prediction of measurement errors in energy meters

This paper presents a general modeling approach to investigate and to predict measurement errors in active energy meters both induction and electronic types. The measurement error modeling is based on Generalized Additive Model (GAM), Ridge Regression method and experimental results of meter provided by a measurement system. The measurement system provides a database of 26 pairs of test waveforms captured in a real electrical distribution system, with different load characteristics (industrial, commercial, agricultural, and residential), covering different harmonic distortions, and balanced and unbalanced voltage conditions. In order to illustrate the proposed approach, the measurement error models are discussed and several results, which are derived from experimental tests, are presented in the form of three-dimensional graphs, and generalized as error equations. © 2009 IEEE

A Battery-Less Photovoltaic Water-Pumping System With Low Decoupling Capacitance

A two-stage photovoltaic water-pumping system architecture is presented in this paper. In contrast with other alternatives available in the literature, the electronic drive does not exploit batteries to accomplish energy decoupling, neither large electrolytic capacitors in between stages. Although these two design decisions, respectively, minimize environmental impacts and increase the converter's expected lifetime, they also bring about considerable control difficulties. More specifically, the dc-link stiffness is reduced, and thus, large voltage oscillations may occur. In order to overcome this problem, a nonlinear controller interconnection between the individual compensator of each stage is created to account for the low capacitance. Simulations and experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in stabilizing the dc-link voltage under sudden solar irradiation changes. The final converter was deployed in a remote rural community in Guinea-Bissau for crop irrigation purposes. Despite the harsh conditions such as high temperatures and sea breeze, in situ results were satisfactory and validated the system robustness